The DNA of a microbial cell consists of genes, a few to thousands, which do not express at the same time. At a particular time only a few genes express and synthesize the desired protein. The other genes remain silent at this moment and express when required. Requirement of gene expression is governed by the environment in which they grow. This shows that the genes have a property to switch on and switch off.
20 different amino acids constitute different protein. All are synthesized by
codons. Therefore, synthesis of all the amino acids requires energy which is useless because all the amino acids constituting proteins are not needed at a time. Hence, there is need to control the synthesis of those amino acids which are not required. By doing this the energy of a living cell is conserved and cells become more competent. Therefore, a control system is operative which is known as gene regulation.
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